Ladders are built from one of three basic materials; wood, fiberglass and metal (aluminum).
The environment of your work site is the first factor in choosing the material from which your ladder is constructed. For example, if you are working near sources of electricity, a metal ladder should be rejected since aluminum is an electrical
conductor. Your body can complete an electrical circuit between the electrical power source, the ladder, and then to the ground in the event of a live wire contact incident. An electrical shock while working from a ladder can trigger a fall or cause your heart to stop leading to serious injury or death. On the other hand, if there are no electrical power sources in your work area, the aluminum ladder is the lightest weight when compared to fiberglass or wood.
There are also several kinds of ladders manufactured for a variety of uses. Again, evaluation of your work environment and knowledge of what ladders are
available will allow you to choose the right ladder for the job. Each of the
following considerations addresses safety issues in your work environment:
- Will the ladder be resting on an uneven surface?
- Is the work area crowded with people and/or materials?
- What obstructions are in the path of the climb?
Next, the proper ladder length must be selected.It is unsafe to use a ladder that is too long or too short. When using a Step Ladder,for example, standing on the top cap or the step below the top cap is not permitted due to the increased likelihood of losing your balance. Likewise, when using an Extension Ladder, the top three rungs are not to be used for climbing. A Straight Ladder is too long, for example, if ceiling height prohibits the ladder from being set-up at the proper angle. Likewise, an Extension Ladder is too long if the ladder extends more than three (3) feet beyond the upper support point. In this case, the portion of
the ladder that extends above the upper support point can act like a lever and cause the base of the ladder to move or slide out. Safety standards require a label on the ladder to indicate the highest standing level.
Next, consider the Duty Rating of the ladder. This is an indication of the maximum weight capacity the ladder can safely carry. To figure out the total amount of weight your ladder will be supporting, add:
- Your Weight; plus
- The Weight of Your Clothing and Protective Equipment; plus
- The Weight of Tools and Supplies You Are Carrying; plus
- The Weight of Tools and Supplies Stored on the Ladder
There are five categories of ladder Duty Ratings:
| Type IAA (Extra Heavy Duty) |
375 pounds |
| Type IA (Extra Heavy Duty) |
300 pounds |
| Type I (Heavy Duty) |
250 pounds |
| Type II (Medium Duty) |
225 pounds |
| Type III (Light Duty) |
200 pounds |
The Duty Rating of your ladder can be found on the specifications label. Safety standards require a Duty Rating sticker to be placed on the side of every ladder. Do not assume that a longer ladder has a higher weight capacity. There is no relationship between ladder length and weight capacity.
Your work environment, including the physical size restrictions, is probably the most important factor in determining the variation of ladder to use for a given job. The versatility of the ladder, however, is a major consideration, especially for domestic use.
Otherwise, the number of ladders that one would need to have available for the wide variety of tasks around the home that require elevation from the ground would be prohibitive. In an effort to assist in familiarizing yourself with the standard ladder variations that are available, consider the following:
- Articulated Ladder
An Articulated Ladder is a portable ladder with one or more pairs of
locking hinges which allow the ladder to be set up in several
configurations such as a single or extension ladder, with or without a
stand-off, a stepladder, a trestle ladder, scaffold or work table. Each
pair of articulated joints in the ladder can be locked in one or more positions to accommodate the various
configurations. The locking positions of the hinges allow set-up at the
proper angles to accommodate each configuration that the manufacturer
has designated.
An instruction label appears on each Articulated Ladder illustrating
the locking hinges in both the locked and unlocked positions. Each
Articulated Ladder manufacturer has a unique locking hinge design and
each lock must visibly indicate whether it is locked or unlocked. As a
result, it is important that the user become familiar with the proper
operation of the hinge and make sure all the hinges are locked before
using the ladder. Never attempt unlocking or repositioning any of the
hinges while standing on the ladder.
The hinges of an Articulated Ladder require periodic lubrication. The
hinges should be lubricated upon receipt of the ladder and then
annually or more frequently, depending upon use. When involved in messy
work, place a covering over the exposed hinge mechanisms to avoid
getting contaminants into them that may cause malfunctions.
Another on-product label illustrates all the acceptable
configurations for a given Articulated Ladder. Configurations not
illustrated on the label are not to be used.
The size of an Articulated Ladder is determined when it is set up in
the stepladder configuration by measuring along the front side rail from
the bottom to the center of the hinge at the top of the ladder. When
set up in the stepladder configuration, Articulated Ladders range in
size from 3 to 15 feet maximum. When set up as a Single or Extension
Ladder, Articulated Ladders may have a length of no more than 30 feet.
All four feet of an Articulated Ladder are covered with a
slip-resistant material which must be present and in good condition
before the ladder is used.
The ladder must not be used on ice, snow or slippery surfaces unless suitable means to prevent slipping is employed.
The ladder must never be placed upon other objects such as boxes,
barrels, scaffolds, or other unstable bases in an effort to obtain
additional height.
Articulated Ladders must not be tied or fastened together with any other type of ladder to provide a longer length.
Proper Care
A thorough inspection must be made when the ladder is initially
purchased and each time it is placed into service. Clean the climbing
and gripping surfaces if they have been subjected to oil, grease or
slippery materials. Working parts, bolts, rivets, step-to-side rail
connections, and the condition of the anti-slip feet (safety shoes)
shall be checked.
Ladders exposed to excessive heat, as in the case of fire, may have
reduced strength. Similarly, ladders exposed to corrosive substances
such as acids or alkali materials may experience chemical corrosion and a
resulting reduction in strength. Remove these ladders from service.
Broken or bent ladders, and ladders with missing or worn out parts
must be taken out of service and marked, for example, "Dangerous – Do
Not Use” until repaired by a competent mechanic or destroyed. No attempt
shall be made to repair a ladder with a defective side rail. Ladders
with bent or broken side rails must be destroyed.
In the event a ladder is discarded, it must be destroyed in such a
manner as to render it useless. Another person must not be given the
opportunity to use a ladder that has been deemed unsafe.
When transporting ladders on vehicles equipped with ladder racks, the
ladders must be properly supported. Overhang of the ladders beyond the
support points of the rack should be minimized. The support points
should be constructed of material such as wood or rubber-covered pipe to
minimize the effects of vibration, chafing and road shock. Securing the
ladder to each support point will greatly reduce the damaging effects
of road shock.
Storage racks for ladders not in use should have sufficient
supporting points to avoid sagging which can result in warping the
ladder. Other materials must not be placed on the ladder while it is in
storage.
Articulated Ladder Safety Standards
Safety requirements for Construction, Performance, Use and Care of Articulated Ladders can be found in the following standards:
- Combination Ladder
A Combination Ladder is a portable ladder capable of being used as
Stepladder, or as a Single or Extension Ladder. It may also be capable
of being used as a Trestle Ladder or as a Stairwell Ladder. Its
components may be used as Single Ladders. This type of ladder can be
designed with either steps or rungs, and the inclusion of a pail shelf
is optional. When steps are present, the ladder should be erected so
that the step surfaces are horizontal. Either spreaders or a locking
device can be used to securely hold the front and rear sections in the
open position.
An instruction label appears on each Combination Ladder to either
illustrate the locking mechanism, provide instructions for the locking
mechanism, or both. It is important that the user become familiar with
the proper operation of the locking mechanism and make sure all the
joints are locked before using the ladder. Never attempt unlocking or
repositioning any of the joints while standing on the ladder.
Another on-product label illustrates all the acceptable uses and
positions for a given Combination Ladder. Configurations not illustrated
on the label are not to be used.
The size of a Combination Ladder, when used in the Stepladder
configuration, ranges from 4 feet to a maximum of 10 feet, as measured
along the front side rail from the bottom of the foot to the top of the
top cap or to the top of the top step when no top cap is used. The
maximum Extension Ladder length is marked on the identification label.
All four feet of a Combination Ladder are covered with a
slip-resistant material which must be present and in good condition
before the ladder is used.
The ladder must not be used on ice, snow or slippery surfaces unless suitable means to prevent slipping is employed.
The ladder must never be placed upon other objects such as boxes,
barrels, scaffolds, or other unstable bases in an effort to obtain
additional height.
Combination Ladders must not be tied or fastened together with any other type of ladder to provide a longer length.
When used in the Single or Extension Ladder Mode:
Selection of proper Single or Extension Ladder size requires
knowledge of the height of the top support point. In the event the top
support point is a roof eave, the top of the ladder must extend
approximately three feet above the roof eave if the climbers’ intent is
to access the roof. The ladder must also be tied to the upper access
level before climbing onto or off the ladder at the upper level. The
user must take care when getting on or off the ladder at the upper level
in order to avoid tipping the ladder over sideways or causing the
ladder base to slide out.
Single and Extension Ladders should be erected as close to a pitch of
75 1/2 degrees from the horizontal as possible for optimum resistance
against the bottom of the ladder sliding out, strength of the ladder,
and balance of the climber. A simple rule for setting-up the ladder at
the proper angle is to place the base a distance from the wall or upper
support equal to one-quarter of the length of the ladder side rails.
The top of a Single or Extension Ladder must be placed with the two
side rails equally supported unless the ladder is equipped with a
single-support attachment for situations such a pole light standard,
building corner or in-tree type operation such as pruning or fruit
picking. When it is necessary to support the top of the ladder at a
window opening, a device should be attached across the back of the
ladder and extending across the window to provide firm support against
the building walls or window frames.
In cases where the work site imposes a height restriction on the
ladder length, the user may find that longer ladders are not capable of
being set-up at the proper 75 1/2 degrees angle. To safeguard against
the bottom of the ladder sliding out, select a shorter Extension or
Single Ladder.
There are also situations where the use of a particular ladder length
creates a gap in the height of a wall that can be reached by the user.
For example, a 14-foot Single or Extension Ladder cannot be used to work
on a wall below a certain height because the user would be too far out
from the wall. Usually, the lower portion of the wall can be reached
from the ground up to a height of about 7 feet. When working from the
14-foot Single or Extension Ladder, working from the ladder below
10-feet becomes a problem. These conditions create a gap between 7 and
10-feet in height where another ladder selection is recommended. To work
in this zone, a shorter self-supporting ladder such as a Stepladder
configuration should be considered.
In an effort to avoid losing your balance and falling off a Single or
Extension Ladder, the user must not step or stand higher than the step
indicated on the label marking the highest standing level.
When used as a Stepladder:
A Stepladder requires level ground support for all four of its side
rails. If this work site condition does not exist, the Stepladder
configuration should not be selected for the job.
In order to prevent tipping the ladder over sideways due to
over-reaching, the user must climb or work with the body near the middle
of the steps or rungs. The ladder should be set-up close to the work.
Never attempt to move the ladder without first descending, relocating
the ladder, and then re-climbing. Do not attempt to mount the ladder
from the side or step from one ladder to another unless the ladder is
secured against sideways motion.
In an effort to avoid losing your balance and falling off the
Stepladder, the user must not step or stand higher than the step
indicated on the label marking the highest standing level. The user must
also not step or stand on the bucket/pail shelf, if so equipped.
When ascending or descending the ladder, always face the ladder and
maintain a firm hand hold. Do not attempt to carry other objects in your
hand(s) while climbing.
Refer to the manufacturers instructions with regard to whether more
than one person is permitted on the Combination Ladder at the same time
when in the Stepladder or Trestle Ladder configuration.
When used as a Stairwell Ladder:
When used as a self-supporting Stairwell Ladder, a Combination Ladder must not be climbed on its back section.
Proper Care
A thorough inspection must be made when the ladder is initially
purchased and each time it is placed into service. Clean the climbing
and gripping surfaces if they have been subjected to oil, grease or
slippery materials. Working parts, bolts, rivets, step-to-side rail
connections, and the condition of the anti-slip feet (safety shoes)
shall be checked.
Ladders exposed to excessive heat, as in the case of fire, may have
reduced strength. Similarly, ladders exposed to corrosive substances
such as acids or alkali materials may experience chemical corrosion and a
resulting reduction in strength. Remove these ladders from service.
Broken or bent ladders, and ladders with missing or worn out parts
must be taken out of service and marked, for example, "Dangerous – Do
Not Use” until repaired by a competent mechanic or destroyed. No attempt
shall be made to repair a ladder with a defective side rail. Ladders
with bent or broken side rails must be destroyed.
In the event a ladder is discarded, it must be destroyed in such a
manner as to render it useless. Another person must not be given the
opportunity to use a ladder that has been deemed unsafe.
When transporting ladders on vehicles equipped with ladder racks, the
ladders must be properly supported. Overhang of the ladders beyond the
support points of the rack should be minimized. The support points
should be constructed of material such as wood or rubber-covered pipe to
minimize the effects of vibration, chafing and road shock. Securing the
ladder to each support point will greatly reduce the damaging effects
of road shock.
Storage racks for ladders not in use should have sufficient
supporting points to avoid sagging which can result in warping the
ladder. Other materials must not be placed on the ladder while it is in
storage.
Combination Ladder Safety Standards
Safety requirements for Construction, Performance, Use and Care of Combination Ladders can be found in the following standards:
- Extension Ladder
The Extension Ladder is a non-self-supporting portable ladder that is adjustable in length. It consists of two or more sections that travel in guides or brackets so arranged so as to permit length adjustment. It is intended for use by one person.
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Extension Ladders are built with either two or three adjustable telescopic sections. The maximum extended length is dependent upon the number of sections as well as the duty rating of the ladder as follows:
| Duty Rating/Type |
Two-Section (feet) |
Three-Section (feet) |
| Extra heavy duty- Type 1A |
60 |
72 |
| Heavy duty -Type I |
60 |
72 |
| Medium Duty- Type II |
48 |
60 |
| Light Duty- Type III |
32 |
|
Selection of proper Extension Ladder size requires knowledge of the height of the top support point. In the event the top support point is a roof eave, the top of the Extension Ladder must extend one to three feet above the roof eave if the
climbers' intent is to access the roof. The ladder must also be tied to the upper access level before climbing onto or off the ladder at the upper level. The user must take care when getting on or off the ladder at the upper level in order to avoid tipping the ladder over sideways or causing the ladder base to slide out.
The telescopic sections of an Extension Ladder, also known as Fly Sections, are held into their adjusted position by extension locking devices known as Rung Locks. Rung Locks can be built from any of several types of designs including
gravity, spring-action, rope-operated, or stationary types. Some Extension Ladder Fly Sections incorporate locks that result in the elimination of one rung and, therefore, do not meet the requirements for use as a Single Ladder. Similarly, Extension Ladder Fly Sections that are not equipped with anti-slip feet or any other provision necessary for compliance with Single Ladder requirements are required to be marked with a safety sign instructing that the Fly section is not to be used separately. In lieu of the safety sign, the Fly Sections must be held in to
the base section of the Extension Ladder by permanently attached stops, i.e. stops that require some type of forcible means to achieve Fly Section removal. In the event you wish to maximize the versatility of your Extension Ladder, seek a design that is intended for the separation and separate use of the Fly Section(s) as a Straight Ladder.
When an Extension Ladder has previously been used as a Single Ladder,
care should be exercised in properly reassembling the sections to
insure that the interlocking guides or brackets are properly engaged
before further use.
Extension Ladders may be equipped with rope and pulley systems to
assist the user when extending the Fly Sections. The rope must have a
minimum breaking strength of 560 pounds. On three-section Extension
Ladders, a wire cable may be utilized in place of the rope providing the
cable has a minimum 1/8-inch diameter.
Adjustment of Extension Ladders must be made by the user when
standing at the base of the ladder so that proper engagement of the Rung
Locks can be observed. Under no circumstances is an extension
adjustment to be made when anyone is standing on the ladder. It is also
the user’s responsibility to make sure the extension rope is tracking
correctly in the pulley.
The base section of an Extension Ladder must be equipped with
slip-resistant feet such as safety shoes, spurs, spikes, conformable
shoes, and flat or radiused tread feet.
Proper Use
Unlike a stepladder that requires level support for all four of its
side rails, the Extension Ladder requires only two level ground support
points in addition to a top support. Ladder levelers may be used to
achieve equal rail support on uneven surfaces. The top support also
allows the opportunity to secure or tie off the top of the ladder to
increase stability.
In cases where the work site imposes a height restriction on the
ladder length, the user may find that longer ladders are not capable of
being set-up at the proper 75 1/2 degrees angle, even when fully
retracted. To safeguard against the bottom of the ladder sliding out,
select a shorter Extension or Single Ladder.
here are also situations where the use of a particular ladder length
creates a gap in the height of a wall that can be reached by the user.
For example, a 28-foot Extension Ladder, fully retracted to its 14-foot
length, cannot be used to work on a wall below a certain height because
the user would be too far out from the wall. Usually, the lower portion
of the wall can be reached from the ground up to a height of about 7
feet. When working from the 14-foot Extension Ladder, working from the
ladder below 10-feet becomes a problem. These conditions create a gap
between 7 and 10-feet in height where another ladder selection is
recommended. To work in this zone, a shorter non-self-supporting ladder
such as a stepladder should be considered.
In order to prevent tipping the ladder over sideways due to
over-reaching, the user must climb or work with the body near the middle
of the rungs. Never attempt to move the ladder without first
descending, relocating the ladder, and then re-climbing. Do not attempt
to mount the ladder from the side or step from one ladder to another
unless the ladder is secured against sideways motion.
In an effort to avoid losing your balance and falling off an
Extension Ladder, the user must not step or stand higher than the step
indicated on the label marking the highest standing level.
Extension Ladders should be erected as close to a pitch of 75 1/2
degrees from the horizontal as possible for optimum resistance against
the bottom of the ladder sliding out, strength of the ladder, and
balance of the climber. A simple rule for setting-up the ladder at the
proper angle is to place the base a distance from the wall or upper
support equal to one-quarter of the extended length of the ladder side
rails.
When ascending or descending the ladder, always face the ladder and
maintain a firm hand hold. Do not attempt to carry other objects in your
hand(s) while climbing.
The anti-slip feet at the bottom of the Extension Ladder side rails
must be present and in good condition prior to using the ladder. The
ladder must not be used on ice, snow or slippery surfaces unless
suitable means to prevent slipping is employed.
An Extension Ladder must never be placed upon other objects such as
boxes, barrels, scaffolds, or other unstable bases in an effort to
obtain additional height.
The user must avoid setting-up an Extension Ladder upside-down. That
is, with the Fly Section at the bottom and the Base Section at the top
with the Rung Locks engaged.
The top of an Extension Ladder must be placed with the two side rails
equally supported unless the ladder is equipped with a single-support
attachment for situations such a pole light standard, building corner or
in-tree type operation such as pruning or fruit picking. When it is
necessary to support the top of the ladder at a window opening, a device
should be attached across the back of the ladder and extending across
the window to provide firm support against the building walls or window
frames.
Extension Ladders or the ladder sections must not be tied or fastened
together to provide a longer length unless specifically designed for
the fastening means employed.
Proper Care
A thorough inspection must be made when the ladder is initially
purchased and each time it is placed into service. Clean the climbing
and gripping surfaces if they have been subjected to oil, grease or
slippery materials. Working parts, bolts, rivets, step-to-side rail
connections, and the condition of the anti-slip feet (safety shoes)
shall be checked. If structural damage, missing parts, or any other
hazardous defect is found, the ladder must not be placed into service
and either discarded or competently repaired. Ropes, cables and pulleys
should be inspected frequently to insure proper operation, and replaced
when worn or defective.
Ladders exposed to excessive heat, as in the case of fire, may have
reduced strength. Similarly, ladders exposed to corrosive substances
such as acids or alkali materials may experience chemical corrosion and a
resulting reduction in strength. Remove these ladders from service.
Ladders with bent or broken side rails must be destroyed.
In the event a ladder is discarded, it must be destroyed in such a
manner as to render it useless. Another person must not be afforded the
opportunity to use a ladder that has been deemed unsafe.
When transporting ladders on vehicles equipped with ladder racks, the
ladders must be properly supported. Overhang of the ladders beyond the
support points of the rack should be minimized. The support points
should be constructed of material such as wood or rubber-covered pipe to
minimize the effects of vibration, chafing and road shock.
Securing the
ladder to each support point will greatly reduce the damaging effects
of road shock.
Storage racks for ladders not in use should have sufficient
supporting points to avoid sagging which can result in warping the
ladder. Other materials must not be placed on the ladder while it is in
storage.
Extension Ladder Safety Standards
Safety requirements for Construction, Performance, Use and Care of Extension Ladders can be found in the following standards:
- Extension Trestle Ladder
The Extension Trestle Ladder is a self-supporting portable ladder
that is adjustable in length, consisting of a Trestle Ladder base and a
vertically adjustable Extension section with a means for locking the
ladders together. It is intended for use by one person.
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An Extension Trestle Ladder base section ranges in length up to 20
feet as measured along the side rail. The Extension section length may
not exceed the base section length. The highest standing level on an
Extension Trestle Ladder is the second step below the top of the
extension section, or slightly more than 2 ft from the top of the
ladder. The highest standing level is required to be marked on the
specifications label on the side rail. Therefore, when planning your
job, the maximum work height is established by adding the user’s height
and reach to the highest standing level.
Extension Trestle Ladder Extension Sections that are not equipped
with anti-slip feet or any other provision necessary for compliance with
Single Ladder requirements are required to be marked with a safety sign
instructing that the Extension section is not to be used separately. In
lieu of the safety sign, the Extension section must be held into the
base section by permanently attached stops, i.e. stops that require some
type of forcible means to achieve Extension Section removal.
When the Extension Section has previously been used as a Single
Ladder, care should be exercised in properly reassembling it into the
base section to insure that the interlocking guides or brackets are
properly engaged before further use.
Proper Use
An Extension Trestle Ladder requires level ground support for all
four of its side rails. If this work site condition does not exist, an
Extension Trestle Ladder should not be selected for the job.
An Extension Trestle Ladder must not be used unless its base is
spread fully open and the Spreaders locked. Extension Trestle Ladders
are not to be used as Single Ladders or in the partially open position.
In order to prevent tipping the ladder over sideways due to
over-reaching, the user(s) must climb or work with the body near the
middle of the steps or rungs. The ladder should be set-up close to the
work. Never attempt to move the ladder without first descending,
relocating the ladder, and then re-climbing. Do not attempt to mount the
ladder from the side or step from one ladder to another unless the
ladder is secured against sideways motion.
In an effort to avoid losing your balance and falling off the
Extension Trestle Ladder, the user must not step or stand higher than
the step indicated on the label marking the highest standing level.
When ascending or descending the ladder, always face the ladder and
maintain a firm hand hold. Do not attempt to carry other objects in your
hand(s) while climbing.
The anti-slip feet at the bottom of the base section side rails must
be present and in good condition prior to using the ladder. The ladder
must not be used on ice, snow or slippery surfaces unless suitable means
to prevent slipping is employed.
An Extension Trestle Ladder must never be placed upon other objects
such as boxes, barrels, scaffolds, or other unstable bases in an effort
to obtain additional height.
Proper Care
A thorough inspection must be made when the ladder is initially
purchased and each time it is placed into service. Clean the climbing
and gripping surfaces if they have been subjected to oil, grease or
slippery materials. Working parts, bolts, rivets, step-to-side rail
connections, and the condition of the anti-slip feet (safety shoes)
shall be checked.
Ladders exposed to excessive heat, as in the case of fire, may have
reduced strength. Similarly, ladders exposed to corrosive substances
such as acids or alkali materials may experience chemical corrosion and a
resulting reduction in strength. Remove these ladders from service.
Broken or bent ladders, and ladders with missing or worn out parts
must be taken out of service and marked, for example, "Dangerous – Do
Not Use” until repaired by a competent mechanic or destroyed. No attempt
shall be made to repair a ladder with a defective side rail. Ladders
with bent or broken side rails must be destroyed.
In the event a ladder is discarded, it must be destroyed in such a
manner as to render it useless. Another person must not be given the
opportunity to use a ladder that has been deemed unsafe.
When transporting ladders on vehicles equipped with ladder racks, the
ladders must be properly supported. Overhang of the ladders beyond the
support points of the rack should be minimized. The support points
should be constructed of material such as wood or rubber-covered pipe to
minimize the effects of vibration, chafing and road shock. Securing the
ladder to each support point will greatly reduce the damaging effects
of road shock.
Storage racks for ladders not in use should have sufficient
supporting points to avoid sagging which can result in warping the
ladder. Other materials must not be placed on the ladder while it is in
storage.
Extension Trestle Ladder Safety Standards
Safety requirements for Construction, Performance, Use and Care of
Extension Trestle Ladders can be found in the following standards:
- Fixed Ladder
A Fixed Ladder is a non-self-supporting ladder that is non-adjustable
in length and permanently attached to a structure at a Pitch ranging
from 60 degrees to 90 degrees from the horizontal. The Preferred Pitch
of a Fixed Ladder is between 75 degrees and 90 degrees from the
horizontal. A Fixed Ladder is considered to be of "Substandard Pitch” if
it is installed at an angle between 60 degrees and 75 degrees from the
horizontal. Fixed Ladders having a Pitch greater than 90 degrees are not
allowed.
Introduction to Basic Fixed Ladder Safety
Ladders are tools. Many of the basic safety rules that apply to most tools also apply to the safe use of a ladder:
- If you feel tired or dizzy, or are prone to losing your balance,
stay off the ladder. Users who tire easily or who have physical
limitations that inhibit safe climbing such as fainting and/or under
medication or prescription drugs which may cause physical impairment are
not permitted to use Fixed Ladders.
- Do not use ladders in high winds or storms.
- Wear clean slip-resistant shoes. Shoes with leather soles are
not appropriate for ladder use since they are not considered
sufficiently slip-resistant. Flat-soled shoes are not appropriate, and
footwear with heels when climbing Fixed Ladders is mandatory.
- Wearing greasy or slippery gloves and/or footwear is not permitted during climbing.
- Steps, rungs, gripping surfaces and platforms must be kept free
of oil, grease or slippery materials. When ice or frost conditions are
present, the ladder must not be used.
- Only one person at a time is permitted on a ladder unless the
ladder is specifically designed for more than one climber (such as a
Trestle Ladder).
- Never jump or slide down from a ladder or climb more than one rung/step at a time.
Maintenance
Fixed Ladders exposed to the elements are required to be maintained
with protective finishes. The effects of corrosion must be minimized in
the case of carbon-steel ladders and the effects of rot must be
minimized in the case of wooden ladders. Special attention should be
given to portions of ladders in contact with dissimilar metals or
embedded in masonry or concrete to avoid accelerated deterioration.
Inspections of Fixed Ladders and Ladder Safety Systems must be made
at least annually to identify signs of rust, corrosion and
deterioration. The inspection must include all the major components
rungs, side rails, supports, fasteners, anchors, Ladder Safety System,
backside and front side clearances/obstructions, hatches, hatch opening
arms, grab bars, platforms, and side rail extension anchors.
The Fixed Ladder must not be used if any bolts or welds are not
secure or missing or if the joints between the rungs and the side rail
are not tight.
Where structural defects or defects are identified, the ladder shall
be taken out of service, blocked, fenced or removed until repairs are
completed by a competent person. Repair materials should be at least the
equivalent of the original construction.
Records of annual or regularly scheduled inspections as well as repairs should be kept.
If electrical grounding protection has been provided for the ladder, a
continuity inspection of the ground connection(s) must be performed at
least annually.
If a Fall Protection System has been provided, it must be inspected and tested according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Fixed Ladder Safety Standards
Safety requirements for Construction, Performance, Use and Care of Fixed Ladders can be found in the following standard:
- Job-Made Wooden Ladder
Job-made wooden ladders are custom-made to fit specific job
situations during construction or demolition operations. Their primary
purpose is to provide access to or egress from a work area. They are not
intended to serve as a workstation. They are temporary in nature and
serve only until a particular phase of work is completed or until
permanent stairways or Fixed Ladders are ready for use (see Fig. 1).
They are not to exceed 24-feet in working length. In the event the
required ladder length exceeds 24-feet, then two or more separate
Job-Made Ladders are to be used in conjunction with platforms that are
protected with railings.
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Introduction to Basic Job-Made Ladder Safety
Ladders are tools where the following basic safety rules apply to the safe use of this kind of ladder:
If you feel tired or dizzy, or are prone to losing your balance,
stay off the ladder. Users who tire easily or who have physical
limitations that inhibit safe climbing such as fainting and/or under
medication or prescription drugs which may cause physical impairment are
not permitted to use Job-Made Ladders.
Do not use ladders in high winds or storms.
Wear clean slip-resistant shoes. Shoes with leather soles are
not appropriate for ladder use since they are not considered
sufficiently slip-resistant. Flat-soled shoes are not appropriate, and
footwear with heels when climbing Job-Made Ladders is mandatory.
Wearing greasy or slippery gloves and/or footwear is not permitted during climbing.Cleats, gripping surfaces and platforms must be kept free of
oil, grease or slippery materials. When ice or frost conditions are
present, the ladder must not be used.
Only one person at a time is permitted on a Single-cleat Ladder
unless the ladder is specifically designed for more than one climber. No
more than two persons (one on either side) are permitted on a
Double-cleat Ladder unless the ladder is specifically designed for
additional climbers.
Never run, jump or slide down from a ladder or climb more than one cleat at a time.
Climbers must always step through, not around, the rail extensions at the top of the ladder.
Job-made ladders must not be used for guys, braces, hoist supports or structural functions other than those of a ladder.
Inspection and Maintenance
All Job-made ladders, landings, and security attachments must be
inspected at least once each week. Any defects that have developed must
be corrected immediately, or the ladder must be taken out of service.
Inspection records must be maintained. The records must reflect the
date of inspection, the identification or location of the ladder and any
remedial action required.
Testing of Job-made ladders with loads or impacts is not permitted
since this type of testing can weaken lumber components or fasteners
causing hidden damage that may lead to sudden failure during use.
Routine maintenance must be carried out each day the Job-made Ladder
is in use. Slippery substances such as oil, grease, ice or mud must be
wiped from the Cleats. If excessively worn, broken or missing cleats,
broken or split side rails, or other defective parts are found, the
condition must be reported immediately and the ladder withdrawn from
service until replaced or repaired. The bolted connections in spliced
ladders must be checked to insure that nuts are tight.
Good housekeeping must be maintained in the areas around the tops and
the bottoms of ladders. These areas must be maintained level with any
drainage slope not to exceed 1 in 24. Accumulated materials or debris is
to be removed to help ensure safe mounting and dismounting of ladders.
Protective coatings on Job-made ladders must not include any opaque
material that obscures the structural integrity of the wood from visual
inspection. Only transparent coatings or wood preservatives may be used.
Job-made Wooden Ladder Safety Standard
Safety requirements for construction, installation, care and use of Job-made Ladders can be found in the following standard:
- Mobile Ladder
A Mobile Ladder Stand (Fig. 1) is a movable, fixed height,
self-supporting ladder consisting of wide flat treads in the form of
steps which give access to a Top Step. The assembly may include
handrails and is intended for use by one person. See Fig. 3 for
additional examples of Mobile Ladder Stands.
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A Mobile Ladder Stand Platform (Fig. 2) is a movable, fixed height,
self-supporting unit having one or more standing levels and is provided
with a means of access or egress to the platform or platforms. The
assembly may include handrails and/or guardrails, and may be designed to
accommodate one or more persons. See Fig. 4 for additional examples of
Mobile Ladder Stand Platforms.
Requirements for all Mobile Ladder Stands and Platforms
The structural Safety Factor for this class of products is 4. In
other words, the units must be capable of supporting 4 times their Rated
Load.
All threaded fasteners used in the construction of Mobile Ladder Stands and Platforms must be of a self-locking type.
All exposed surfaces must be free of sharp edges and burrs.
Design Features - Mobile Ladder Stands
The Rated Load for a Mobile Ladder Stand must be at least 300 pounds.
This rating is based upon the combined weight of one worker, materials
and equipment.
The Steps must be at least 16-inches wide and be provided with a
durable slip-resistant surface. The slip-resistant feature may be an
integral part of the surface, or may be provided by dimpling, knurling,
shot blasting, coating, metal spraying, or slip-resistant tapes.
Steps must be uniformly spaced and arranged with a rise (vertical
spacing) of not more than 10 inches, and a depth of not less than 7
inches. The slope (angle) of the step stringer to which the steps are
attached is limited to not more than 60-degrees from the horizontal.
Handrails, when used, must have a vertical height in the range of 29
1/2 to 37-inches, measured vertically (90 degrees) from the front edge
of a Step.
All of the standing areas of the Mobile Ladder Stand must be located
within the perimeter of the base frame to reduce the overturning hazard.
Ladder Stands with a Top Step height of 4 feet to 10 feet must be
provided with handrails. The use of movable gates or non-rigid members,
such as chains, is permitted for Special Use applications.
Ladder Stands with a Top Step over 10 feet high must have the Top
Step protected on three sides by a handrail with a vertical height of at
least 36 inches. Top Steps that are 20 inches or more, from front to
back, must be provided with a midrail and toeboard. On Special Use
applications, the use of removable gates or non-rigid members, such as
chains, is permitted.
On Mobile Ladder Stands provided with wheels or casters, the wheels
or casters supporting the unit are required to support four times their
proportional share of the unit’s rated load plus their proportional
share of the unit’s weight. In addition, the size, number and type of
casters must provide maneuverability of the unoccupied unit. The
wheel/caster system must also be equipped with a system that impedes
horizontal movement of the unit.
Design Features - Mobile Ladder Stand Platforms
The rated load for a Mobile Ladder Stand Platform must be at least
"x” times 300 pounds based upon the anticipated number of workers (x),
each having a combined weight, including materials and equipment of 300
pounds.
The Steps must be at least 16-inches wide and the Platform at least
18-inches wide. The Steps, standing levels and/or Platform(s) must be
provided with a durable slip-resistant surface. The slip-resistant
feature may be an integral part of the surface, or may be provided by
dimpling, knurling, shot blasting, coating, metal spraying, or
slip-resistant tapes.
Steps must be uniformly spaced and arranged with a rise (vertical
spacing) of not more than 10 inches, and a depth of not less than 7
inches. The preferred slope (angle) of the step stringer to which the
steps are attached is limited to not more than 60-degrees from the
horizontal. In the event this is not practical, a steeper slope (up to
70-degrees) or a vertical rung ladder(s) may be used. In this case,
stability of the unit against overturning when the user accesses the
unit must be considered by the designer.
Handrails, when used, must have a vertical height in the range of 29
1/2 to 37-inches, measured vertically (90 degrees) from the front edge
of a Step.
All of the standing areas of the Mobile Ladder Stand must be located
within the perimeter of the base frame to reduce the overturning hazard.
Ladder Stand Platforms with a Top Step height of 4 feet to 10-feet
must be provided with handrails. The use of movable gates or non-rigid
members, such as chains, is permitted for Special Use applications.
Handrails in the Platform area above the flat surface must have a height
of at least 36-inches and include a midrail.
Ladder Stand Platforms with a Platform over 10-feet high must have
Guardrails and Toeboards on the exposed sides and ends of the Platform.
The Guardrail must have a height of 42-inches 3 inches including a
Midrail approximately midway between the top rail and the working
surface. On Special Use applications, the use of removable gates or
non-rigid members, such as chains, is permitted.
The wheels and casters supporting a Mobile Ladder Stand are required
to support four times their proportional share of the unit’s rated load
plus their proportional share of the unit’s weight. In addition, the
size, number and type of casters must provide maneuverability of the
unoccupied unit. The wheel/caster system must also be equipped with a
system that impedes horizontal movement of the unit.
Product Performance
Mobile Ladder Stands and Mobile Ladder Stand Platforms which comply
with the governing safety standard, ANSI-ASC A14.7, are required to pass
a variety of stability and load tests. In addition, the on-product
labels must pass a variety of durability tests with regard to humidity,
adhesive strength, water contamination and temperature. Only when the
manufacturer’s design has complied with these design verification tests
is it permissible to display a compliance label or an indication in the
product manual that compliance has been achieved.
Users are advised, however, that compliance with stability test
requirements does not mean that a unit is incapable of overturning as is
the case when severe misuse of the unit takes place. Similarly,
compliance with load test requirements does not mean that structural
collapse will not occur in the event severe overload of the unit occurs.
Proper Care and Use
The Mobile Ladder Stand or Ladder Stand Platform manufacturer is
required to provide maintenance instructions with each unit. These
instructions must address visual inspection procedures, general
maintenance, and proper tightening directions for threaded fasteners.
Users are required to read and understand the user instructions before
being allowed to use a Mobile Ladder Stand or Mobile Ladder Stand
Platform. As an alternative, employers must instruct employees in the
proper use of the units prior to allowing use.
Upon receipt following shipping and prior to each period of use, each
Mobile Ladder Stand or Ladder Stand Platform unit must be visually
inspected for damage, such as unusual wear, deterioration or corrosion.
Any loose bolts, nuts or connections must be tightened. All threaded
fasteners must be equipped with locking hardware. It is the owners’
responsibility to comply with the manufacturers’ maintenance
instructions to maintain the quality and serviceability of the unit.
Units that are damaged or weakened from any cause are not to be used
until repairs are completed. Units that are damaged subsequent to their
receipt and/or are worn beyond repair must be removed from service and
destroyed.
General maintenance of a Mobile Ladder Stand or Platform includes
cleaning, lubrication, painting and the replacement of on-product labels
and markings as well as wheels, casters and rubber pads.
Climbing a damaged Ladder Stand or Ladder Stand Platform is not permitted.
Ladder Stands and Ladder Stand Platforms must never be moved while occupied.
Units must not be loaded beyond their Rated Load capacity.
Materials and/or equipment must not be stored on the Steps or Platform of a unit.
Additional height must not be gained by the addition of any type of extension or object being placed upon the unit.
Users must remove foreign materials, such as mud or grease, from their shoes prior to climbing or mounting.
Handrails, when provided, should be used while ascending or
descending. The user must face the steps while ascending or descending
except when the slope of the steps is 50 degrees or less above the
horizontal.
When electrical lines are present, proper safety measures to avoid
contact with energized conductors, insulated or un-insulated, must be
taken to avoid electrical shock or electrocution.
Occupied units must not be placed in front of a door unless the door
is secured in an open position, locked, attended or barricaded.
Overreaching while on a unit can cause instability and result in a
fall. Always place the unit in close proximity to the work. Descend from
the unit and relocate it to avoid overreaching.
Use Ladder Stands and Ladder Stand Platforms only on level surfaces. They are not to be used on uneven or sloping surfaces.
Access to or egress from a Step or Platform from any other elevated
surface is prohibited unless the unit has been positively secured
against movement.
Users are not permitted to stand on components of the unit other than the Steps or Platform.On-Product Labels and Markings
Each unit must be marked with the manufacturers’ product data information including:
- Manufacturers or distributors name or logo;
- Month and year of manufacture;
- and Maximum Rated Load
In addition, the following safety topics must also be addressed by the labels and markings:
- Visual inspection
- Maintenance
- Overreaching
- Example: CAUTION – Overreaching causes a tipping hazard
- Engagement of the locking mechanism
- Example: CAUTION – Make sure locking mechanism is engaged before climbing
- Holding handrails during ascent and descent;
- Appropriate standing surfaces
- User orientation during ascent and descent
- Example: CAUTION – Face ladder stand & hold handrails when ascending and descending
Applicable Safety Standards
Safety and design requirements for Mobile Ladder Stands and Mobile
Ladder Stand Platforms can be found in the following standard:
- Platform Ladder
The Platform Ladder is a self-supporting portable ladder that is non-adjustable in length, with a platform provided at the highest intended standing level. It has a hinged design for ease of storage and is intended for use by one person. The top platform is surrounded on three sides by a railing that is at least 20 inches higher than the platform surface. A folding Bucket (Pail) Shelf may also be provided.
Platform Ladders range in size from 2 ft. to 18 ft. in length as measured from the bottom along the side rail to the top of the platform. The maximum work height is established by adding the user's height and reach to the highest standing level of the Platform Ladder.
Proper Use
A Platform Ladder requires level ground support for all four of its side rails. If this work site condition does not exist, a Platform Ladder should not be selected
for the job.
A Platform Ladder must not be used unless its base is fully open and the
Spreaders, locked. Platform Ladders are not to be used as Single Ladders or in the partially open position.
In order to prevent tipping the ladder over sideways due to over-reaching, the user must climb or work with the body near the middle of the steps or platform.
The
ladder should be set-up close to the work.
Never attempt to move the ladder without first descending, relocating the ladder, and then re-climbing. Do not attempt to mount the ladder from the side or step from one ladder to another unless the ladder is secured against sideways motion.
When ascending or descending the ladder, always face the ladder and maintain a firm hold. Do not attempt to carry other objects in your hand(s) while climbing.
The braces on the rear of a Platform Ladder are not intended for climbing or standing and must not be used for that purpose.
The anti-slip feet at the bottom of the Platform Ladder side rails must be present and in good condition prior to using the ladder. The ladder must not be used on ice, snow or slippery surfaces unless suitable means to prevent slipping is employed.
A Platform Ladder must never be placed upon other objects such as boxes, barrels, scaffolds, or other unstable bases in an effort to obtain additional height.
Proper Care
A thorough inspection must be made when the ladder is initially purchased and each time it is placed in to service. Clean the climbing and gripping surfaces if they have been subjected to oil, grease or slippery materials. Working parts, bolts, rivets, step-to-side rail connections, and the condition of the anti-slip feet (safety shoes) shall be checked. If structural damage, missing parts, or any other hazardous defect is found, the ladder must not be placed in to service and either discarded or competently repaired.
Ladders exposed to excessive heat, as in the case of fire, may have reduced strength. Similarly, ladders exposed to corrosive substances such as acids or alkali materials may experience chemical corrosion and a resulting reduction in strength. Remove these ladders from service.
Ladders with bent or broken side rails must be destroyed.
In the event a ladder is discarded, it must be destroyed in such a manner as to render it useless. Another person must not be afforded the opportunity to use a ladder that has been deemed unsafe.
When transporting ladders on vehicles equipped with ladder racks, the ladders must be properly supported. Overhang of the ladders beyond the support points of the rack should be minimized. The support points should be constructed of material such as wood or rubber-covered pipe to minimize the effects of vibration, chafing and road shock. Securing the ladder to each support point will greatly reduce the damaging effects of road shock.
Storage racks for ladders not in use should have sufficient supporting points to avoid sagging which can result in warping the ladder. Other materials must not be placed on the ladder while it is in storage.
Platform Ladder Safety Standards
Safety requirements for Construction, Performance, Use and Care of Platform Ladders can be found in the following standards:
- Single Ladder
The Single Ladder is a non-self-supporting portable ladder that is non-adjustable in length, consisting of one section. It is intended for use by one person.
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Single Ladders rated for heavy-duty or extra heavy-duty service range in length up to 30 feet as measured a long the side rail. Single Ladders rated for medium duty service are available in lengths up to 24 feet, and those rated for light-duty service do not exceed 16 feet in length.
Selection of proper Single Ladder size requires knowledge of the height of the top support point. In the event the top support point is a roof eave, the top of the Single Ladder must extend one to three feet above the roof eave if the climbers' intent is to access the roof. The ladder must also be tied to the upper access level before climbing on to or off the ladder at the upper level. The user must take care when getting on or off the ladder at the upper level in order to avoid tipping the ladder over sideways or causing the ladder base to slide out.
Proper Use
Unlike a stepladder that requires level support for all four of its side rails, the Single Ladder requires only two level ground support points in addition to a top support. Ladder levelers may be used to achieve equal rail support on uneven surfaces. The top support also allows the opportunity to secure or tie off the top of the ladder to increase stability.
In cases where the work site imposes a height restriction on the ladder length, the user may find that longer ladders are not capable of being set-up at the proper 75 1/2°angle. To safeguard against the bottom of the ladder sliding out, select a shorter Single Ladder.
There are also situations where the use of a particular ladder length creates a gap in the height of a wall that can be reached by the user. For example, a 14-foot Single Ladder cannot be used to work on a wall below a certain height because the user would be too far out from the wall. Usually, the lower portion of the wall can be reached from the ground up to a height of about 7 feet. When working from the 14-foot Single Ladder, working from the ladder below 10-feet becomes a problem. These conditions create a gap between 7 and 10-feet in height where another ladder selection is recommended. To work in this zone, a shorter non-self-supporting ladder such as a stepladder should be considered.
In order to prevent tipping the ladder over sideways due to over-reaching, the user must climb or work with the body near the middle of the rungs. Never attempt to move the ladder without first descending, relocating the ladder, and then re-climbing. Do not attempt to mount the ladder from the side or step from one ladder to another unless the ladder is secured against sideways motion.
In an effort to avoid losing your balance and falling off a Single Ladder, the user must not step or stand higher than the step indicated on the label marking the highest standing level.
Single Ladders should be erected at a pitch of 75 1/2°from the horizontal for optimum resistance against the bottom of the ladder sliding out, strength of the ladder, and balance of the climber. A simple rule for setting-up the ladder at the proper angle is to place the base a distance from the wall or upper support equal to one-quarter of the length of the ladder side rails.
When ascending or descending the ladder, always face the ladder and maintain a firm hold. Do not attempt to carry other objects in your hand(s) while climbing.
The anti-slip feet at the bottom of the Single Ladder side rails must be present and in good condition prior to using the ladder. The ladder must not be used on ice, snow or slippery surfaces unless suitable means to prevent slipping is employed.
A Single Ladder must never be placed upon other objects such as boxes, barrels, scaffolds, or other unstable bases in an effort to obtain additional height.
The top of a Single Ladder must be placed with the two side rails equally supported unless the ladder is equipped with a single-support attachment for situations such as a pole light standard, building corner or in-tree type operation such as pruning or fruit picking. When it is necessary to support the top of the ladder at a window opening, a device should be attached across the back of the ladder and extending across the window to provide firm support against the building walls or window frames.
Single Ladders must not be tied or fastened together to provide a longer length.
Proper Care
A thorough inspection must be made when the ladder is initially purchased and each time it is placed in to service. Clean the climbing and gripping surfaces if they have been subjected to oil, grease or slippery materials. Working parts, bolts, rivets, step-to-side rail connections, and the condition of the anti-slip feet (safety shoes) shall be checked. If structural damage, missing parts, or any other hazardous defect is found, the ladder must not be placed in to service and either discarded or competently repaired.
Ladders exposed to excessive heat, as in the case of fire, may have reduced strength. Similarly, ladders exposed to corrosive substances such as acids or alkali materials may experience chemical corrosion and a resulting reduction in strength. Remove these ladders from service.
Ladders with bent or broken side rails must be destroyed.
In the event a ladder is discarded, it must be destroyed in such a manner as to render it useless. Another person must not be afforded the opportunity to use a ladder that has been deemed unsafe.
When transporting ladders on vehicles equipped with ladder racks, the ladders must be properly supported. Overhang of the ladders beyond the support points of the rack should be minimized. The support points should be constructed of material such as wood or rubber-covered pipe to minimize the effects of vibration, chafing and road shock. Securing the ladder to each support point will greatly reduce the damaging effects of road shock.
Storage racks for ladders not in use should have sufficient supporting points to avoid sagging which can result in warping the ladder. Other materials must not be placed on the ladder while it is in storage.
Single Ladder Safety Standards
Safety requirements for Construction, Performance, Use and Care of Single Ladders can be found in the following standards:
- Step Stool Ladder
A Ladder-type Step Stool is a self-supporting, foldable, portable ladder that is non-adjustable in length, 32-inches or less in overall size, with flat steps and without a pail shelf. It is designed so that the ladder Top Cap as well as all steps can be climbed on. The side rails may continue above the top cap. It is intended for use by one person.
The length of a Ladder-type Step Stool is measured along the front side rail from the feet at the bottom to the top cap. Any side rail extensions on the stool are not considered part of the Step Stool size.
Proper Use
A Ladder-type Step Stool requires level ground support for all four of its side rails. If this work site condition does not exist, a Ladder-type Step Stool should not be selected for the job.
A Ladder-type Step Stool must not be used unless its base is spread fully open
and the Spreaders locked. Ladder-type Step Stools are not to be used as Single Ladders or in the partially open position.
In order to prevent tipping the Step Stool over sideways due to over-reaching, the
user must climb or work with the body near the middle of the steps or top cap. The Step Stool should be set-up close to the work. Never attempt to move the
Step Stool without first descending, relocating the Step Stool, and then re-climbing. Do not attempt to mount the Step Stool from the side or step from one ladder or Step Stool to another unless the Step Stool is secured against sideways motion.
When ascending or descending the Step Stool, always face the Step Stool.
The braces on the rear of a Step
Stool are not intended for climbing or standing
and must not be used for that purpose.
The anti-slip feet at the bottom of the Step Stool side rails must be present and in good condition prior to using. The Step Stool must not be used on ice, snow or slippery surfaces unless suitable means to prevent slipping is employed.
A Step Stool must never be placed upon other objects such as boxes, barrels, scaffolds, or other unstable bases in an effort to obtain additional height.
To protect children, do not leave a Step Stool set up and unattended.
Proper Care
A thorough inspection must be made when the Step Stool is initially purchased and each time it is placed into service. Clean the climbing and gripping surfaces if they have been subjected to oil, grease or slippery materials. Working parts, bolts, rivets, step-to-side rail connections, and the condition of the anti-slip feet (safety shoes) shall be checked. If structural damage, missing parts, or any other hazardous defect is found, the Step Stool must not be placed into service and either discarded or competently repaired.
Step Stools exposed to excessive heat, as in the case of fire, may have reduced strength. Similarly, Step Stools exposed to corrosive substances such as acids or alkali materials may experience chemical corrosion and a resulting reduction in strength. Remove these Step Stools from service.
Step Stools with bent or broken side rails must be destroyed.
In the event a Step Stool is discarded, it must be destroyed in such a manner as to render it useless. Another person must not be afforded the opportunity to use a Step Stool that has been deemed unsafe.
Do not store other materials on the Step Stool while it is in storage.
Ladder-type Step Stool Safety Standards
Safety requirements for Construction, Performance, Use and Care of Step Stools can be found in the following standards:
- Stepladder
The Stepladder is a self-supporting portable ladder that is non-adjustable in length, with flat steps and a hinged design for ease of storage. It is intended for use by one person.
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Stepladders range in size from 4 ft. to 20 ft. in length along the side rail. Stepladders shorter than 4 ft. are considered Step Stools. The highest standing level on a step ladder is slightly more than 2 ft. from the top of the ladder. The highest standing level is required to be marked on the specifications label on the side rail of the product. Therefore, when planning your job, the maximum work height is established by adding the user's height and reach to the highest standing
level of the stepladder.
Proper Use
A Stepladder requires level ground support for all four of its side rails. If this work site condition does not exist, a stepladder should not be selected for the job.
A Stepladder must not be used unless its base is spread fully open and the
Spreaders locked. Stepladders are not to be used as Single Ladders or in the partially open position.
In order to prevent tipping the ladder over sideways due to over-reaching, the user must climb or work with the body near the middle of the steps. The ladder should be set-up close to the work. Never attempt to move the ladder without first descending, relocating the ladder, and then re-climbing. Do not attempt to mount the ladder from the side or step from one ladder to another unless the ladder is secured against sideways motion.
In an effort to avoid losing your balance and falling off the stepladder, the user must not step or stand higher than the step indicated on the label marking the highest standing level. The user must also not step or stand on the Top Cap or bucket/pail shelf.
When ascending or descending the ladder, always face
the ladder and maintain a firm hold. Do not attempt to carry other objects in your hand(s) while climbing.
The braces on the rear of a stepladder are not intended for climbing or standing
and must not be used for that purpose. Note, however, that special stepladders are available with steps on both the front and rear and are intended for two users at the same time.
The anti-slip feet at the bottom of the stepladder side rails must be present and in good condition prior to using the ladder. The ladder must not be used on ice, snow or slippery surfaces unless suitable means to prevent slipping is employed.
A stepladder must never be placed upon other objects such as boxes, barrels,
scaffolds, or other unstable bases in an effort to obtain additional height.
Proper Care
A thorough inspection must be made when the ladder is initially purchased and each time it is placed in to service. Clean the climbing and gripping surfaces if they have been subjected to oil, grease or slippery materials. Working parts, bolts, rivets, step-to-side rail connections, and the condition of the anti-slip feet (safety shoes) shall be checked. If structural damage, missing parts, or any other hazardous defect is found, the ladder must not be placed into service and either discarded or competently repaired.
Ladders exposed to excessive heat, as in the case of fire, may have reduced strength. Similarly, ladders exposed to corrosive substances such as acids or alkali materials may experience chemical corrosion and a resulting reduction in strength. Remove these ladders from service.
Ladders with bent or broken side rails must be destroyed.
In the event a ladder is discarded, it must be destroyed in such a manner as to render it useless. Another person must not be afforded the opportunity to use a ladder that has been deemed unsafe.
When transporting ladders on vehicles equipped with ladder racks, the ladders must be properly supported. Overhang of the ladders beyond the support points of the rack should be minimized. The support points should be constructed of material such as wood or rubber-covered pipe to minimize the effects of vibration, chafing and road shock. Securing the ladder to each support point will greatly reduce the damaging effects of road shock.
Storage racks for ladders not in use should have sufficient supporting points to avoid sagging which can result in warping the ladder. Other materials must not be placed on
the ladder while it is in storage.
Stepladder Safety Standards
Safety requirements for Construction, Performance, Use and Care of stepladders can be found in the following standards:
- Trestle Ladder
The Trestle Ladder, also known as a Double Front Ladder, is a self-supporting portable ladder that is non-adjustable in length, and hinged at the top. It consists of two sections and is designed to be climbed by two persons at the same time, one on each side.
Trestle Ladders range in lengths up to 20 ft. as measured along the side rail.
The highest standing level on a Trestle Ladder is slightly more than 2 ft. from the top of the ladder. The highest standing level is required to be marked on the specifications label on the side rail of the product. Therefore, when planning your job, the maximum work height is established by adding the user's height and reach to the highest standing level.
Proper Use
A Trestle Ladder requires level ground support for all four of its side rails.
If this work site condition does not exist, a Trestle Ladder should not be selected for the job.
A Trestle Ladder must not be used unless its base is spread fully open and the
Spreaders locked. Some Trestle Ladders are equipped with more than one pair of Spreaders, and all must be locked prior to use.
In order to prevent tipping the ladder over sideways due to over-reaching, the
user(s) must climb or work with the body near the middle of the steps or rungs.
The ladder should be set-up close to the work. Never attempt to move the ladder without first descending, relocating the ladder, and then re-climbing. Do not attempt to mount the ladder from the side or step from one ladder to another unless the ladder is secured against sideways motion.
In an effort to avoid losing your balance and falling off the Trestle Ladder, the user must not step or stand higher than the step indicated on the label marking the highest standing level.
When ascending or descending the ladder, always face the ladder and maintain a firm hold. Do not attempt to carry other objects in your hand(s) while climbing.
The anti-slip feet at the bottom of the Trestle Ladder side rails must be present and in good condition prior to using the ladder. The ladder must not be used on ice, snow or slippery surfaces unless suitable means to prevent slipping is employed.
A Trestle Ladder must never be placed upon other objects such as boxes, barrels, scaffolds, or other unstable bases in an effort to obtain additional height.
Proper Care
A thorough inspection must be made when the ladder is initially purchased and each time it is placed in to service. Clean the climbing and gripping surfaces if they have been subjected to oil, grease or slippery materials. Working parts, bolts, rivets, step-to-side rail connections, and the condition of the anti-slip feet (safety shoes) shall be checked. If structural damage, missing parts, or any other hazardous defect is found, the ladder must not be placed into service and either discarded or competently repaired.
Ladders exposed to excessive heat, as in the case of fire, may have reduced strength. Similarly, ladders exposed to corrosive substances such as acids or alkali materials may experience chemical corrosion and a resulting reduction in strength. Remove these ladders from service.
Ladders with bent or broken side rails must be destroyed.
In the event a ladder is discarded, it must be destroyed in such a manner as to render it useless. Another person must not be afforded the opportunity to use a ladder that has been deemed unsafe.
When transporting ladders on vehicles equipped with ladder racks, the ladders must be properly supported. Overhang of the ladders beyond the support points of the rack should be minimized. The support points should be constructed of material such as wood or rubber-covered pipe to minimize the effects of vibration, chafing and road shock. Securing the ladder to each support point will greatly reduce the damaging effects of road shock.
Storage racks for ladders not in use should have sufficient supporting points to avoid sagging which can result in warping the ladder. Other materials must not be placed on the ladder while it is in storage.
Trestle Ladder Safety Standards
Safety requirements for Construction, Performance, Use and Care of stepladders can be found in the following standards:
A description of the Proper Care & Use, Proper Set-Up, Safety Labeling, and the identification of the governing ANSI safety standard for each variation of ladder can be found by clicking on the desired ladder function above.
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
Angle of inclination
The preferred pitch for portable non-self-supporting ladders.
Articulated joint
A hinge which is able to be locked in one or more positions.
Articulated ladder
A portable ladder with one or more pairs of locking articulated joints which allow the ladder to be set up in several modes such as a straight or extension ladder, with or without a stand-off, as a regular or double front stepladder, scaffold or work table.
Back leg (rear rail)
The support members of a self-supporting portable ladder back section. The back legs are joined by rungs, bars, rear braces or other bracing to form the back section.
Combination ladder
A portable ladder capable of being used either as a stepladder or as a single or extension ladder. It may also be capable of being used as a trestle ladder or a stairwell ladder. Its components may be used as single ladders.
Composite
A homogeneous material created by the synthetic assembly of two or more materials (a selected filler or reinforcing elements and a compatible matrix binder) to obtain specific characteristics and properties.
Duty rating
The combination of factors, including, but not limited to, ladder type and design features, which imply service capability.
Extension ladder
A non-self-supporting portable ladder adjustable in length. It consists of two or more sections traveling in guides or brackets or the equivalent and so arranged as to permit length adjustment.
Extension trestle ladder
A self-supporting portable ladder, adjustable in length, consisting of a trestle ladder base and a vertically adjustable extension section, with a suitable means for locking the ladders together.
Fiberglass
In this standard, fiberglass refers to glass-reinforced plastic, where the most common plastic encountered would be polyester. The composite would possess directional properties, as well as specific mechanical, electrical, corrosive, and weathering characteristics.
Highest standing level
The vertical distance, expressed in feet and inches, from the uppermost rung or step the climber is advised to use to the horizontal plane of the ladder base support, with the ladder in the preferred climbing position.
Inside clear width
The distance between the inside flanges of the side rails of a ladder.
Ladder
A device incorporating or employing steps, rungs, or cleats on which a person may step to ascend or descend.
Ladder foot, shoe, or slip-resistant bearing surface
That component of ladder support that is in contact with the lower supporting surface.
Ladder Type
The designation that identifies the working load.
Marking
Any sign, label, stencil, or plate of a primary hazard or informational character, or both, affixed, painted, burned, stamped or embossed on a ladder surface. (See Appendixes A and B.)
Maximum extended length or maximum working length
The total length of the extension ladder when the middle or intermediate and top or fly sections are fully extended (maintaining the required overlay).
Permanent deformation (set)
That deformation remaining in any part of a ladder after all loads have been removed.
Pitch
The included (acute) angle between the horizontal and the ladder, which is measured on the side of the ladder opposite the climbing side. It is usually expressed as the ratio H/L, which is the horizontal distance H from the base of the ladder to the supporting surface divided by the working length L of the ladder.
Plastic top cap
Molded thermoset or thermoplastic uppermost horizontal member of a portable stepladder.
Platform
A landing surface that is used as a working or standing location.
Platform ladder
A self-supporting portable ladder of fixed size with a platform provided at the intended highest standing level.
Polyesters
Thermosetting resins produced by dissolving unsaturated, generally linear, alkyd resins in a vinyl-type active monomer such as styrene, methyl styrene, or diallyl phythalate. Cure is effected through vinyl polymerization using either peroxide catalyst and promoters or heat to accelerate the reaction.
Portable ladder
A ladder that can readily be moved or carried, usually consisting of side rails joined at intervals by steps, rungs, cleats, or rear braces.
Pultrusion
The reversed "extrusion” of resin-impregnated reinforcement in the manufacture of rods, tubes, and structural shapes of a permanent cross section. The reinforcement, after being properly wet-out by the resin application system, is drawn through a die to form a desired cross section. This is one method of manufacturing reinforced plastic shapes.
Rail
The side members joined at intervals by either rungs, steps, cleats, or rear braces.
Rear braces
Crosspieces or diagonals (in the back section of a self-supporting ladder) not intended for climbing, which may be spaced at any interval.
Reinforced plastic
A plastic with strength properties greatly superior to those of the base resin as a result of high-strength fillers embedded in the composition. The reinforcing fillers are usually fibers, fabrics, or mats made of fibers.
Reinforced plastic ladder
A device whose side rails are constructed of reinforced plastics. The crosspieces, called steps, rungs, or cleats, may be constructed of metal, reinforced plastics, or other suitable materials. This term does not denote the absence of all metallic elements, because even in ladders with side rails and crosspieces manufactured of reinforced plastics, the hardware and fasteners may be metallic.
Reinforcement
A strong inert material bonded into a plastic to improve its strength, stiffness, and impact resistance.
Reinforcements are usually fibers of glass, asbestos, sisal, cotton, and the like, in woven or non-woven form. To be effective, the reinforcement material must form a strong adhesive bond with the resin.
Rungs, steps, or cleats
Ladder crosspieces that are intended for use by a person in ascending or descending.
Scaffold
A temporary elevated platform and its supporting structure used for supporting worker(s) or materials or both.
Sections:
- Bottom or base section - The lowest section of a non-self-supporting portable ladder.
- Top or fly section - The uppermost section of a non-self-supporting portable ladder.
- Middle or intermediate section - The section between the top (fly) and bottom (base) sections of a non-self supporting portable ladder.
Sectional ladder
A non-self-supporting portable ladder, nonadjustable in length, consisting of two or more sections, and so constructed that the sections may be combined to function as a single ladder.
Single ladder
A non-self-supporting portable ladder, nonadjustable in length, consisting of one section.
Size
The quantitative description of the length of the ladder. Methods of defining size are presented in the individual standards.
Special-purpose ladder
A portable ladder that is either an experimentally designed ladder or a modification or assemblage of A14 approved requirements for design, testing or construction features of one of the general-purpose ladders defined elsewhere in this section, in order to adapt the ladder for special or specific climbing uses.
Standoff
A means by which a ladder may be erected at some horizontal distance away from its upper support point.
Stepladder
A self-supporting portable ladder, nonadjustable in length, with flat steps and hinged base.
Step stool (ladder type)
A self-supporting, foldable, portable ladder, nonadjustable in length, 32 inches or less in size, with flat steps and without a pail shelf, designed so that the ladder top cap as well as all steps can be climbed on. The side rails may continue above the top cap.
Step surfaces
The clear portion of steps, rungs, or cleats on which a person may step while ascending or descending ladder.
Straight ladder
An articulated ladder where all of the sections are in line.
Test failure
Damage or visible weakening of the ladder structure or a component, except where otherwise defined by the test protocol.
Test load
The applied load used to demonstrate compliance with performance test requirements.
Top cap
The uppermost horizontal member of a portable stepladder or step stool.
Top step
The first step below the top cap of a portable stepladder or step stool. Where a ladder is constructed without a top cap, the top step is the first step below the top of the rails.
Trestle (double front) ladder
A self-supporting portable ladder, non-adjustable in length, consisting of two sections, designed to be able to be climbed on by two (2) individuals simultaneously, one (1) per side and hinged at the top to form angles with the base.
Ultimate failure
The collapse of the ladder structure or, where applicable, a component thereof.
Uncoated vinyl flooring
In this standard, it shall be the Classic Corlon vinyl flooring from Armstrong.
Visual damage
Damage evident by visual inspection.
Visual inspection
Inspection by the eye without recourse to any optical device except prescription eyeglasses.
Working length
The length of a non-self-supporting portable ladder measured along the rails from the base support point of the ladder to the point of bearing at the top.
Working load
The maximum applied load, including the weight of the user, materials, and tools, which the ladder is to support for the intended use.
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